social studies

Exam Student Terminology Study Guide
Chapter 1 Terminology Name________________

1. -the time period lasting 1000 years between the 5th century and the 15th centuries
2. - points on the opposite sides of the earth.
3. - the imaginary line around the centre of the earth half way between the North and South poles( called 0 degrees latitude).
4. – the North and South points at either end of the earth’s axis.
5. - a tool to find direction used on maps (shows North, South, East and West).
6. – an imaginary line that goes through the centre of the earth between the North and South poles.
7. – the earth spinning on its axis.
8. - the movement of one planet around another planet/star
e.g. the Earth around the sun
9. – the path any planet follows around the sun
10. – every 4th year that has 366 days to make up for the previous 3 at 365 1/4 days.
11. – twice a year when the daylight hours equal the night hours.
12. – twice a year when either the daylight or nighttime are at their maximum.
13. – imaginary lines that run from East to West that are used the show distance from the equator.
14. -– imaginary lines that run from North to South that are used the show distance from the Prime Meridian.
15. – an imaginary line of longitude running from the North
poles to the South pole used to judge time and distance.
16. - an ancient tool for measuring time using the movement of the sun.
17. – are the system for keeping time around the world that has each hour of
the day equal to 15 degrees longitude.
18. – an imaginary line of longitude that is opposite the Prime Meridian.
19. – technology that uses information from satellites to find absolute location of people or things.
20. – ways of showing the earth ( a sphere) which is three dimensional as a flat
map which is two dimensional.
21. - any of the seven large land masses.
22. - land that is surrounded by water.
23. -a piece of land jutting out into the ocean from the mainland surrounded by
water on three sides.
24. - the surface features of the earth such as mountains, hills, plateaus and plains.
25. - a high rugged landform.
26. - a lower area of land formed by erosion that has elevated land on both sides.
27. -ia broad flat or gently rolling area of land.
28. - a broad flat or gently rolling area that is higher (elevated) above its
surroundings.
29. - the distance or height above sea level.
30. - a natural channel of water flowing toward a lake or ocean.
31. -a small stream flowing into a river which may flow into a lake or ocean.
32. - a body of water surrounded by land.
33. - formed when the ocean makes a large indent into land forming a semi-circle
34. - a narrow channel of water connecting two larger bodies of water.
35. - the name of a supercontinent that existed of 200 million years ago.
36. - the remains of plant or animal found in rock.
37. - a large piece of the Earth’s crust that can be bigger than a continent.
38. - a split in the Earth caused by tectonic plates pulling away from each other.
39. - the action of wearing away of the Earth’s surface by air, water and ice
40. - the relocation of soil and pieces of rock that were worn or carried
away by wind, ice, and water.
41. – small pieces of soil and rock carried by water.
42. - a triangular shaped deposit of soil and sand at the mouth of a river.
43. - a gigantic body of ice that is found in mountain and polar regions.
44. - study of our world
45. -person who describes and analyzes the human and physical characteristics of the world
46. -the exact location of something on the earth using coordinates of latitude and longitude
47. - the ratio between the real distance and the distance on a map
48. technology to display and store facts about the physical world

Chapter 2 and 19 Terminology Definitions Review for Climate and Sustainable Development

49. The study of the natural features of the earth
50. A half-sphere view of the earth created by geographers to identify a large part of the earth e.g. northern, southern, eastern or western
51. A particular land surface feature, such as a mountain, hill, plateau, or plain
52. An elevated piece of land
53. Water flowing by continents which either warm or cool the land based on their temperature.
54. Outward explosion of the earth’s molten inner core caused by tectonic forces
55. The day to day temperature and precipitation found anywhere in the world.
56. Climate located from 30 to 60 degrees latitude North or South of the equator.
57. Winds that blow in a specific pattern around the earth.
58. When there is a lot of moisture in the air.
59. Water vapor from plants.
60. Very dry, little or no precipitation.
61. Permanently frozen ground, about 1 meter beneath the surface.
62. A large body of air covering a large distance.
63. Water (in any form) falling to Earth.
64. Pattern of weather in a particular place measured over at least 30 years.
65. Climate located from 0 to 30 degrees latitude North or South of the equator.
66. The name of the cycle of water through land, water and air.
67. Water vapor changes from a gas to a liquid.
68. An invisible gas created when water evaporates.
69. Mountain slopes that face away from the prevailing wind.
70. A circular path a planet like Earth takes around the sun.
71. The height of any part of the earth above sea level.
72. Water changes into a vapor or gas.
73. Climate located from 60 to 90 degrees latitude North or South of the equator.
74. Area between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
75. Mountain slopes that face the prevailing winds.
76. The layer of air that surrounds the earth.
77. The solid mineral material that covers the earth.
78. All the water on the earth’s surface forms this.
79. The layer of living things around the surface of the earth.
80. This is formed by all four spheres.
81. The study of living organisms and their interaction with the environment.
82. The environment of a community of plants and animals.
83. Shaking of the earth’s crust caused by tectonic or volcanic action.
84. An area of land that drains precipitation into streams, rivers, and lakes.
85. This is formed by the combination of climate, soil, vegetation, and physical characteristics.
86. A rising air mass that is light and warm.
87. A cold heavy mass of air that is falling.
88. Mountains that block prevailing winds.
89. A region with naturally forested areas with fertile soil and four seasons usually agricultural or urban plus high population density.
90. A region with hot dry summers and warm moist winters usually agricultural with medium population
91. A region of flat gently rolling land with soil for growing grain found in the interior of a continent experiencing four seasons plus medium population density.
92. A region with many species of plants and animals,that is very warm, and receives a lot of rainfall plus low population density.
93. A region in the northern hemisphere with long cold winters and short warm summers plus low precipitation.
94. A region that has long cold winters, permafrost plus low population density.
95. A region with cold, dry, climate with glaciers considered unsuitable for human settlement.
96. A region with dry and wet seasons with tropical grassland plus low population
density.
97. A region that is naturally forested with a wet and dry season that has been changed by rice cultivation plus high population density.
98. A region with little precipitation that may be either hot or cold plus low population density.
99. A view of the world that focuses on the importance of the natural environment instead of human interests.
100. The number and variety of organisms in a region.
101. A view of the world where humans are the most important species.
102. Development that meets our current needs without risking future generations.
103. Management of a region to protect it for future generations.
104. When an ecosystem is returned to its natural state before disturbed by man.
105. A flat broad river valley that floods regularly.
106. The natural effect of the atmosphere to retain some energy/ heat from the sun.
107. Energy/heat from the sun that reaches the earth’s surface.
108. Temperature of the earth created by atmosphere and greenhouse gases (15 degrees Celsius).
109. Human activities are adding greenhouse gases and causing the global temperature to rise.
110. Expanding deserts into grasslands because of overgrazing livestock
111. Human activities creating toxic gases that cause lung diseases
112. Greenhouse gas that is produced by human respiration and other technologies
113. Dependence on food that is genetically similar.
114. The natural greenhouse gas produced when plants are broken down by wetlands and animals.
115. A manmade gas that is created by refrigeration and aerosol cans.
116. A kind of oxygen in the upper atmosphere that filters out harmful ultraviolet light from the sun.
117. Industry produces sulfur dioxide which is spread in the atmosphere and causes this problem.
118. The length of time each year that the temperature is warm enough for plants to grow

Chapter 3 Definitions Review for Populations
119. People and the places they live
120. Human geography plus history
121. Anything in nature that people need or want
122. Changes that happen in a place because of technology and movement
123. The world seems smaller because communication technology connects everyone
124. How cultures around the world are changing to be more like the west
125. A person who studies how wealth is produced, consumed and distributed
126. Study of world populations
127. A country that is just beginning to industrialize
128. Countries with a good GDP and Standard of Living are called
129. How well people live
130. Wild animals and plants that have been tamed by humans
131. Gross Domestic Product divided by population is equal to
132. A large growth in population in a short time
133. Small number of people spread out over a large area
134. Movement of people out of a country
135. Tools and ways of doing things
136. A graph that shows population distribution by age and gender
137. Population stays the same
138. Number of children that must be born to keep population the same in a country
139. the sum of the age-specific birth rates
140. People moving from place to place within a country
141. Number of deaths per 1000 people
142. Number of crude births minus number of crude deaths
143. A person who studies population
144. Four stages of birth and death rates as countries change from developing to developed
145. Total value of all the goods and services
146. Person who collects information on who lives in a house or apartment (size of families).
147. Movement of people into a country
148. The amount of money needed for basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter
149. Large number of people living in a small area
150. The UN creates a ranked list of the development of countries called
151. Number of babies born per 1000 people
152. Movement of people around the world
153. The average number of years a person will live (effected by living conditions in a country
154. Gross Domestic Product divided by population is equal to
155. A large growth in population in a short time
156. More deaths than births
157. Number of deaths per 1000 people
158. How many people live in a given area
159. One country having control of another usually in another
part of the world
160. The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled