Teacher Key Terminology Study Guide
Chapter 1 Terminology Name________________
1. Middle Ages p24 -the time period lasting 1000 years between the 5th century and the 15th centuries
2. antipodes p26 - points on the opposite sides of the earth.
3. equator p26 - the imaginary line around the centre of the earth half way between the North and South poles( called 0 degrees latitude).
4. poles p26 – the North and South points at either end of the earth’s axis.
5. Compass Rose p26 - a tool to find direction used on maps (shows North, South, East and West).
6. axis p26 – an imaginary line that goes through the centre of the earth between the North and South poles.
7. rotation p26 – the earth spinning on its axis.
8. revolution * old text p 31 - the movement of one planet around another planet/star
e.g. the Earth around the sun
9. orbit*old text p 31 – the path any planet follows around the sun
10. leap year*old test p 31 – every 4th year that has 366 days to make up for the previous 3 at 365 1/4 days.
11. equinox*old text p 33 – twice a year when the daylight hours equal the night hours.
12. solstice * old text p 33 – twice a year when either the daylight or nighttime are at their maximum.
13. latitude/parallels p28 – imaginary lines that run from East to West that are used the show distance from the equator.
14. longitude/meridians p29 -– imaginary lines that run from North to South that are used the show distance from the Prime Meridian.
15. Prime Meridian/ Greenwich p29 – an imaginary line of longitude running from the North
poles to the South pole used to judge time and distance.
16. sundial p 30 - an ancient tool for measuring time using the movement of the sun.
17. time zones p31/33 – are the system for keeping time around the world that has each hour of
the day equal to 15 degrees longitude.
18. International Dateline p31 – an imaginary line of longitude that is opposite the Prime Meridian.
19. Global Positioning System p34 – technology that uses information from satellites to find absolute location of people or things.
20. map projections – ways of showing the earth ( a sphere) which is three dimensional as a flat
map which is two dimensional.
21. continent p2- - any of the seven large land masses.
22. island p3 - land that is surrounded by water.
23. peninsula p4 -a piece of land jutting out into the ocean from the mainland surrounded by
water on three sides.
24. topography p4 - the surface features of the earth such as mountains, hills, plateaus and plains.
25. mountain p4 - a high rugged landform.
26. valleyp4 - a lower area of land formed by erosion that has elevated land on both sides.
27. plain p5 -ia broad flat or gently rolling area of land.
28. plateau p5 - a broad flat or gently rolling area that is higher (elevated) above its
surroundings.
29. elevation p5 - the distance or height above sea level.
30. riverp6 - a natural channel of water flowing toward a lake or ocean.
31. tributary p6 -a small stream flowing into a river which may flow into a lake or ocean.
32. lake p6 - a body of water surrounded by land.
33. gulf p6 - formed when the ocean makes a large indent into land forming a semi-circle
34. strait p6 - a narrow channel of water connecting two larger bodies of water.
35. Pangaea p10 - the name of a supercontinent that existed of 200 million years ago.
36. fossil p10 - the remains of plant or animal found in rock.
37. tectonic plate p11 - a large piece of the Earth’s crust that can be bigger than a continent.
38. rift p11 - a split in the Earth caused by tectonic plates pulling away from each other.
39. erosion p18- - the action of wearing away of the Earth’s surface by air, water and ice
40. deposition p18 - the relocation of soil and pieces of rock that were worn or carried
away by wind, ice, and water.
41. silt p19 – small pieces of soil and rock carried by water.
42. delta p20 - a triangular shaped deposit of soil and sand at the mouth of a river.
43. glacier p20- - a gigantic body of ice that is found in mountain and polar regions.
44. geography - study of our world
45. geographer -person who describes and analyzes the human and physical characteristics of the world
46. absolute location -the exact location of something on the earth using coordinates of latitude and longitude
47. scale - the ratio between the real distance and the distance on a map
48. Geography Information System technology to display and store facts about the physical world
Chapter 2 and 19 Terminology Definitions Review for Climate and Sustainable Development
49. physical geography The study of the natural features of the earth
50. hemisphere A half-sphere view of the earth created by geographers to identify a large part of the earth e.g. northern, southern, eastern or western
51. landforms A particular land surface feature, such as a mountain, hill, plateau, or plain
52. hills An elevated piece of land
53. ocean currents Water flowing by continents which either warm or cool the land based on their temperature.
54. volcano Outward explosion of the earth’s molten inner core caused by tectonic forces
55. weather The day to day temperature and precipitation found anywhere in the world.
56. Mid-latitude Climate located from 30 to 60 degrees latitude North or South of the equator.
57. prevailing Winds that blow in a specific pattern around the earth.
58. humid When there is a lot of moisture in the air.
59. transpiration Water vapor from plants.
60. arid Very dry, little or no precipitation.
61. permafrost Permanently frozen ground, about 1 meter beneath the surface.
62. Air mass A large body of air covering a large distance.
63. precipitation Water (in any form) falling to Earth.
64. climate Pattern of weather in a particular place measured over at least 30 years.
65. Low latitude Climate located from 0 to 30 degrees latitude North or South of the equator.
66. hydrologic The name of the cycle of water through land, water and air.
67. condensation Water vapor changes from a gas to a liquid.
68. Water vapor An invisible gas created when water evaporates.
69. leeward Mountain slopes that face away from the prevailing wind.
70. orbit A circular path a planet like Earth takes around the sun.
71. altitude The height of any part of the earth above sea level.
72. evaporation Water changes into a vapor or gas.
73. High latitude Climate located from 60 to 90 degrees latitude North or South of the equator.
74. tropics Area between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn.
75. windward Mountain slopes that face the prevailing winds.
76. atmosphere The layer of air that surrounds the earth.
77. lithosphere The solid mineral material that covers the earth.
78. hydrosphere All the water on the earth’s surface forms this.
79. Biosphere The layer of living things around the surface of the earth.
80. natural environment This is formed by all four spheres.
81. Ecology The study of living organisms and their interaction with the environment.
82. Ecosystem The environment of a community of plants and animals.
83. Earth quake Shaking of the earth’s crust caused by tectonic or volcanic action.
84. Drainage basin An area of land that drains precipitation into streams, rivers, and lakes.
85. environmental region This is formed by the combination of climate, soil, vegetation, and physical characteristics.
86. Low Pressure Zone A rising air mass that is light and warm.
87. High Pressure Zone A cold heavy mass of air that is falling.
88. Mountain barriers Mountains that block prevailing winds.
89. Temperate forest A region with naturally forested areas with fertile soil and four seasons usually agricultural or urban plus high population density.
90. Mediterranean forest A region with hot dry summers and warm moist winters usually agricultural with medium population
91. Temperate grassland A region of flat gently rolling land with soil for growing grain found in the interior of a continent experiencing four seasons plus medium population density.
92. Tropical rainforest A region with many species of plants and animals,that is very warm, and receives a lot of rainfall plus low population density.
93. Taiga or boreal A region in the northern hemisphere with long cold winters and short warm summers plus low precipitation.
94. Tundra A region that has long cold winters, permafrost plus low population density.
95. Polar A region with cold, dry, climate with glaciers considered unsuitable for human settlement.
96. Savanna A region with dry and wet seasons with tropical grassland plus low population
density.
97. Monsoon A region that is naturally forested with a wet and dry season that has been changed by rice cultivation plus high population density.
98. Desert A region with little precipitation that may be either hot or cold plus low population density.
99. ecocentric A view of the world that focuses on the importance of the natural environment instead of human interests.
100. 100.biodiversity The number and variety of organisms in a region.
101. 101. anthropocentric A view of the world where humans are the most important species.
102. sustainable Development that meets our current needs without risking future generations.
103. conservation Management of a region to protect it for future generations.
104. restoration ecology When an ecosystem is returned to its natural state before disturbed by man.
105. flood plain A flat broad river valley that floods regularly.
106. natural greenhouse effect The natural effect of the atmosphere to retain some energy/ heat from the sun.
107. radiation Energy/heat from the sun that reaches the earth’s surface.
108. average global temperature Temperature of the earth created by atmosphere and greenhouse gases (15 degrees Celsius).
109. global warming Human activities are adding greenhouse gases and causing the global temperature to rise.
110. desertification Expanding deserts into grasslands because of overgrazing livestock
111. air pollution Human activities creating toxic gases that cause lung diseases
112. carbon dioxide Greenhouse gas that is produced by human respiration and other technologies
113. monoculture Dependence on food that is genetically similar.
114. methane The natural greenhouse gas produced when plants are broken down by wetlands and animals.
115. chlorofluorocarbons A manmade gas that is created by refrigeration and aerosol cans.
116. ozone A kind of oxygen in the upper atmosphere that filters out harmful ultraviolet light from the sun.
117. acid rain Industry produces sulfur dioxide which is spread in the atmosphere and causes this problem.
118. growing season The length of time each year that the temperature is warm enough for plants to grow
Chapter 3 Definitions Review for Populations
119. Human Geography People and the places they live
120. Social Studies Human geography plus history
121. Natural Resource Anything in nature that people need or want
122. Globalization Changes that happen in a place because of technology and movement
123. Global Village The world seems smaller because communication technology connects everyone
124. Western Influence How cultures around the world are changing to be more like the west
125. economist* A person who studies how wealth is produced, consumed and distributed
126. demography Study of world populations
127. less developed world
(developing country) A country that is just beginning to industrialize
128. more developed world
(developed country) Countries with a good GDP and Standard of Living are called
129. standard of living How well people live
130. domestication Wild animals and plants that have been tamed by humans
131. Per Capita GDP* Gross Domestic Product divided by population is equal to
132. Exponential p63 A large growth in population in a short time
133. Sparse population Small number of people spread out over a large area
134. Emigration Movement of people out of a country
135. technology* Tools and ways of doing things
136. Population pyramid A graph that shows population distribution by age and gender
137. Zero population growth Population stays the same
138. replacement rate Number of children that must be born to keep population the same in a country
139. total fertility rate the sum of the age-specific birth rates
140. Internal migration People moving from place to place within a country
141. Crude Death Rate p64 Number of deaths per 1000 people
142. Rate of Natural Increase Number of crude births minus number of crude deaths
143. Demographer A person who studies population
144. demographic transition Four stages of birth and death rates as countries change from developing to developed
145. Gross Domestic Product Total value of all the goods and services
146. Census taker Person who collects information on who lives in a house or apartment (size of families).
147. Immigration Movement of people into a country
148. Cost of living The amount of money needed for basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter
149. Dense population Large number of people living in a small area
150. Human Development Index The UN creates a ranked list of the development of countries called
151. Crude birth rate* Number of babies born per 1000 people
152. Migration p73 Movement of people around the world
153. life expectancy The average number of years a person will live (effected by living conditions in a country
154. GDP per capita Gross Domestic Product divided by population is equal to
155. Exponential A large growth in population in a short time
156. Negative growth rate More deaths than births
157. Crude death rate Number of deaths per 1000 people
158. population density How many people live in a given area
159. colonialism One country having control of another usually in another
part of the world
160. Human rights The basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled
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